THE
FACTS Reviewed
by Joseph
Robert Jobe / Assistant EDITOR
..William
Peter Blatty's
OSCAR WINNING SCREENPLAY of The
Exorcist was based on reported
events that supposedly took place in Maryland aledgedly on
a
"possession" of a 14-year-old teenager named John
Hoffman. Blatty, who was
majoring in English Lititure at Georgetown University at the
time, read about this story in Washington, DC newspapers in 1949. However,
it wasn't until 1967, with his screenwriting
and literary career taking off, that Blatty was able to interest
a publisher in
his idea. He
created The Exorcist -twenty years- later after
the Original news story. Blatty
completed his novel in 1970 and it was published
by Harper & Row
in 1971. The
book spent 55 weeks on the "New
York Times" Bestseller List.
..When
I remember back to the very first time that I had viewed The
Exorcist, back when
I was a hell
of a lot younger than I am now,
I can still remember being incredibly afraid of the dark,
needing my
bedroom door
cracked
slightly open to allow the hallway
light to shine in. I would lay in bed rigid with fright - trying
to
listen intently for voices and sounds that were never there,
and yes, I truly
believed that Satan itself
was hiding inside my bedroom closet..
just sitting in there behind the closed closet doors watching
me through the entire nite. I would try to scream out for
help, utterly in terror, but my voice had no sound... I
was TOTALLY, ABSOLUTELY
CONVINCED that EVERY EVENINGthat
if I would ever start to fall asleep - It
would mean my
DEATH will certainly come... I was literally being Scared
to Death..
..William
Peter Blatty scared
the living shit out of an 8 year old kid back in 1973 -
this is a statement of FACT. Iam
now 42... not all
that much smarter today than when I was
8... I am an INSOMIAC to this day (always
have been since
that film, I believe, trying to remember back
that long ago),
and I have preferred to be the last one awake in the house
before going to bed - that way I can somehow assure myself
that I am the only one around in the room at the time. For
about the last 20 or so years I now consider myself AGNOSTIC (GOD,
I hope I'm right on THAT ONE),
yet I will watch with absolute fascination and
with great interest and understanding almost every A&E
or History Channel
documentary
in regards to the historical accuracy of the Bible,
and feel that The
Passion of the Christ is one of the best films
I have ever seen... go
figure...
..I am
a firm believer that the success of this film is due to the screenplay
taking outlandish subject material (the EXORCISM itself) and
putting
that on the back burner... half of the film
is going through the
steps
nesessary to see
if a kid is going nuts or not - that's the basis
of reality that
not only the story hinges upon,
but adds credibility to what is about to follow. Working
on articles like this for V
I S I O N Smagazineonline.com
gives a writer, such as myself, a certain perspective
on
things.
You
can possibly find out perhaps the elusive question of WHY,
be it through
the very long hours of intense online research, reading source
material, and of course
the re-watching
of these films, that a certain
film may have effected
you in
some particular way...why
did it work on youthe way they did.
..When
I was doing the research for the -ALTERED
STATES- article for
this website, I was discovering many, very many familiar PATTERNS
of STORY DEVELOPMENT in reguards to both
films: patterns of story telling which are based on the
actual real world events of the film, people and subject
matter
in relation
to the
film itself. This creates a true REAL WORLD fictional scenero
surrounded with FACTS - and that's
exactly what we are going to be looking at here - Again...
STORY:
WHO SATAN -REALLY- IS HERE
..What
starts out quite innocently, if not admittedly slightly obscure
if you are not schooled
in ancient archalogy, is really historically
acurate story set-up for what needs to be a solid, based in reality
explanition of what the movie is eventually
getting to - The EXORCISM ofRegan
McNeil (Linda Blair). The
film starts far off with an archaelogical dig in Northern Iraq
with Father Merrin (Max
Von Sydow) discovering an ancient relic of a reality-based
demon of ancient cultural legend:
Pazuzu.
..In
Mesopotamia: Pazuzu
is a
winged demon, feared by the people of ancient Mesopotamia: he
is a horned demon that rode on the wind and carried malaria, believed
to live in the desert - emphasising
the demon's destructive role as "lord
of fevers and plagues." Perhaps relating Pazuzu
to the devouring dragon, Typhon:, "angel
of the fatal winds", equated with the disease
Typhoid. The wind demon is the most terrible of all demonic
entities, having the power to spread loathsome diseases with
his dry fiery breath. The demon has "for
a head the almost fleshless skull of a dog" representing
death, disease, and as the fleshless death's head of the
desert
scavenger, starvation.
..In Assyrian and Babylonian mythology
the god Pazuzu, sometimes called Zu, was the king
of the demons of
the wind, and son of the god Hanbi, the
god
of the southwest wind known for bringing droughts and famine
during dry seasons, and locusts during rainy seasons. Often
depicted as a combination of
animal
and human parts, he has the body of a man, the head of a
lion or dog, eagle-like
taloned feet, two pairs of wings, a scorpion's tail,
and a serpentine penis. He is often depicted with his right
hand
pointing upwards and his left hand downwards; the position
of the hands basically means respectively, life and death or... creation and destruction.As
the most ruthlessly destructive demon of the long list of
ancient gods, the wind devil represents the destruction
of human life itself. (Writer's
Note): THIS is EXACTLY the
pose re-created in the Georgetown bedroom EXORCISM of Regan McNeil.)
..Pazuzu
was
an evil god who stole the tablets of Enlil’s
destiny, and is killed because of this. He also brought diseases
which had no known cure. Zu, or Anzu in Persian and Sumerian, (from
An "heaven" and Zu "far", in the Sumerian language) is a lesser divinity of Akkadian mythology,
and the son of the bird goddess Siris. Both Zu and Siris are
seen as massive birds who can breathe fire and water, although
Zu is alternately seen as a lion-headed eagle (The
Griffin). The
Anzu was a servant of the chief sky god Enlil, (possibly
previously a symbol of Anu), from whom Anzu stole the
Tablet of Destinies, so hoping to determine the fate of all things.
In one version of the legend, the gods sent Lugalbanda to retrieve
the tablets, who in turn, killed Anzu. In another, Ea and Belet-Ili
conceived Ninurta for the purpose of retrieving the tablets.
In a third legend, found in The Hymn of Ashurbanipal, Marduk
is said to have killed Anzu.
..In Mesopotamian mythology,
the Tablet of Destinies (not,
as frequently misquoted in general works, the 'Tablets
of Destiny') was envisaged as a clay tablet inscribed
with cuneiform writing, also impressed with cylinder seals, which,
as a permanent legal document, conferred upon the god Enlil his
supreme authority as ruler of the universe. In the Sumerian poem
'Ninurta and the Turtle' it is the god Enki, rather than Enlil,
who holds the tablet. Both
this poem and the Akkadian Anzû poem concern the theft of
the tablet by the bird Imdugud (Sumerian) or
Anzû (Akkadian). Supposedly,
whoever possessed the tablet ruled the universe.
In the Babylonian Enuma Elish, Tiamat bestows this tablet on Qingu (in
some instances spelled "Kingu") and
gives him command of her army. Marduk, the chosen champion of the
gods, then fights and destroys Tiamat and her army. Marduk reclaims
the Tablet of Destinies for himself, thereby legitimating his rule
among the gods, but turns it over to Anu as a gift in Tablet V
of the epic.
(Writer's
Note): Described
as having a hairy body, the head of a lioness with
donkey's teeth and ears, long fingers and fingernails,
and the feet of a bird with sharp talons. Lamashtu is
often shown standing or kneeling on a donkey, nursing
a pig and a dog, and holding snakes. Said to act
in malevolence of her own accord, rather than at
the gods' instructions. Along with this her name
was written together with the cuneiform determinative
indicating deity. This means she was a goddess or
a demigoddess in her own right. She
bore seven names and was described as seven witches
in incantations. Her evil deeds included slaying
children, unborns, and neonates, causing harm to
mothers and expectant mothers, eating men and drinking
their blood, disturbing sleep, brought nightmares,
killing foliage, infesting rivers and lakes, and
a bringer of disease, sickness, and death.
In Mesopotamian mythology
Lamashtu was a female demon that menaced women durig childbirth
an kidnapped children while they were breastfeeding, and
who was believed to cause harm to mother and child during
childbirth. She crept into houses at night to kill babies,
in their cribs or in the womb. Thus she was responsible
for sudden infant death syndrome and miscarriage. She preyed
on adults, too, bringing disease, sterility, nightmare,
not to mention sucking blood from young men. She used to
sneak into the house of an unlucky pregnant woman and touch
the victim's stomach seven times to kill the unborn child.
Lamashtu would
also steal newborns from their wet nurses and allow them
to suckle the toxic milk from her own breasts, which would
cause the infant to die. She slaughtered mothers as well,
and sometimes dined on the flesh and blood of adult males,
although it is unknown whether these men were fathers or
just arbitrarily picked. Lamashtu's less lurid exploits
include poisoning water with disease, spreading nightmares,
killing plants, and causing tetanus and fever.
Lilitu,
closely related to Lamastu,
was of Babylonian origin.
In ancient Hebrew culture
this female demon was called Lilith.
Talmudic legend places her as the first wife of Adam, banished
from Eden for being the earliest feminist on record by
refusing to obey her husband. She was, after all, the original
woman (by some accounts),
having been created from the earth alongside of Adam. Legend
and superstition evolved Lilith into a night demon. She
flew out of the dark to suck the blood of infants and children.
She was blamed for causing men to have erotic dreams in
a time when the loss of semen was considered horrific.
When Christianity ascended one of the many thrones of human
belief, early church fathers assigned the Queen of Night
her own Army of Hell which waged fierce war on the good.
Incubi (male)
and Succubi (female)
were spirits or demons assuming human form to seduce unwilling
victims. Many scholars believe that some aspects of the
the demoness Lilith (such
as her penchant for infanticide) were borrowed from Lamashtu.
One of the primary purposes of Ancient mythology was to
explain mysterious natural phenomena, and Lamashtu's place
in Sumerian mythos is fundamentally to account for miscarriage,
infant death and maternal. mortality (WIKIDEDIA)
..Pazuzu
was said to be invoked in amulets which combat the
powers of the malicious goddess, and hated rival, Lamashtu: Lamashtu
was the enemy of the demon Pazuzu who once
defeated her in battle. Although Pazuzu was an
evil spirit,, expectant mothers often wore amulets bearing
his image to protect
themselves against Lamashtu. Pazuzu
is also a demon who drives
away other evil spirits, thus protecting humans against
plagues, evil
forces and misfortunes...
..Yet
another
representation of the wind demon can be traced back
to text in the Old Testament,
where the devil is described as a hairy black creature;
a "haunter of the desert
wastelands."
..In Egypt the
idea of the wind devil as a desert creature may derive
from the concept of Set, the destroyer,
most ancient of the gods, who was
represented as a strange, dog-like animal, not unlike
the jackal. This
manifestation of Set, named Shugal
- "the
desert fox symbolic of Set, the male half of the Beast
(666)." The number of Shugal being (333).
The "female" half
of the Beast is Choronzon
(333), another pestilential being
- representing Chaos in all its latent or manifested
aspects. Choronzon is said to have driven Aleister
Crowleyinsane by
his invocation of the entity in the North African desert.
Representing the malaise of chaos and destruction Choronzon
is probably
one of the most complex symbols in western occultism.
At
the end of the day, WRITER William
Peter Blatty's character of -SATAN-
in this screenplay that is suposedly posessing the Regan McNeil
character is based on the actual legends and written acounts
spanning through out many, not just one, 2000+ year old ancient
cultures today located in the now recognised Middle Eastern
regions of the world such as Iran and Iraq. This can be traced
and reserched back into the historical records of Mesopotamia
to Egypt. Pazuzu was
an actual DEMON OF LEGEND - FACT.
STORY: CAUSE and EFFECT
..How
does one get
to the point of being in need of an Exorcism...
which in the film, as well in reality, would probably be the ABSOLUTE last
step in the search for a cure to certain physical or psychological problems
that one is exhibiting? Looking at the REACTIONS
of the SYMPOMS that the Regan
character
was seemingly enduring in the film is what I broke down chronologically as
the -EFFECTS- in
order as this: imaginary
friends, sleeplessness, destructive
personality changes, self-mutilation, hyperactivity, loss
of lucidy and violence.
..So
what is the -CAUSE- of
all these devilish shinagans? The focus of the character's
psychotic anti-social behavior ond outbreaks is that "it's
all in her head..." The film was very
specific in what was going to be the workflow
of Regan's treatment - In fact the procedures they list and
explore take
up virtually more than half of the film's running time. Some
of these measures are rather quite drastic to say the least, BUT...
THIS IS THE WAY IT WOULD REALLY WORK. The actualcause,
as we find out later in the second half of the film of all of this extreme behavior
is actually -DEMONIC
POSESSION-. The procedures for (reaching
that point of
conclusion) in this screenplay seem to be quite highly textbook
and
based
in the reality of Today's modern medical practices, seemingly
leaving
no psyical
or psychological stone
unturned... they went by-the-book...
..Again,
listing chronologically as
per the film what methods and pharmaceuticals implemented
as a possible
cure were: Prescribing RITALIN
(Methylphenidate),Performing SPINAL-TAP/X-RAYS (searching
for a BRAIN LEISION),Discussions
with Physicians reguarding DRUG
USE/ Possibility
of INSANITY /
Need for COMMITTAL, Prescribing THORAZINE (Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride) - which
wasn't done
in the film but was discussed as
a possible treatment - (THANK GOD... READ
FURTHER ON THIS)...
Trying HYPNOSIS - PSYCHOTHERAPY,
Trying to Perform an EXORCISM
as a
LAST RECOURSE -Resulting
in AMNESIA of
the events for the possibly
cured patient.
..Our
first exposure to the fact that there may be something a little
off with Regan is a confession to her mother of the existance
of "Captain Howdy", an imaginary friend that talks
to her and even plays with, yep - a ouija board. Mother McNeil
thinks
that the kids full of it - she thinks she is lying about this
invisible person so she will not get into trouble when the
hard questions are asked of her. Mom just writes this
off as lying... but, ah... Mommy... the devil's makin'
her do it...
..Well...
acording to The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): (An
American handbook for mental health professionals that lists
different categories
of mental
disorders and the criteria for diagnosing them, according
to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association.
It is used worldwide by clinicians and researchers as well
as insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies and policy
makers) The development of
imaginary friends by a person does not alone necessarily
signify a problem
or disorder. According to some psychological theories, children
often use their imaginary friends as outlets for expressing
desires which they would normally be afraid
to engage in or for which they would normally be punished.
Proponents of these theories state that it is not uncommon
for a child
to engage in mischief or wrong-doing and
then to
blame
the crime on their imaginary friend, allowing
the child to act out fantasies that they are otherwise restricted
from
experiencing due to societal constraints. Some children report
creating or maintaining imaginary friends as preteens or
teenagers, and a very few adults report
having imaginary friends.
This may, however, signal a
serious psychological disorder.
RITALIN (Methylphenidate)
THORAZINE (Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride)
Methylphenidate(MPH) (LEFT) is
a prescription stimulant
commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder, or ADHD. It is also one of
the primary drugs used to treat the daytime drowsiness
symptoms of narcolepsy and chronic fatigue syndrome.
The drug is seeing early use to treat cancer-related
fatigue. Brand names of drugs that -contain
methylphenidate- include Ritalin (RIGHT)(Ritalina,
Rilatine, Attenta, Methylin, Penid, Rubifen);
and the sustained release tablets Concerta, Metadate
CD, Ritalin LA, and Ritalin-SR. Focalin is a preparation
containing only dextro-methylphenidate, rather than the
usual racemic dextro- and levo-methylphenidate mixture
of other formulations. A newer way of taking methylphenidate
is by using a transdermal patch (under
the brand name Daytrana), similar
to those used for hormone replacement therapy, nicotine
release and pain relief.
..The
means by which methylphenidate affects people diagnosed
with ADHD are not well understood. Some researchers have
theorized that ADHD is
caused by a dopamine imbalance in the brains of those
affected. Methylphenidate is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor,
which means that it increases the level of the dopamine
neurotransmitter in the brain by partially blocking the
transporters that remove it from the synapses.
An alternate explanation which has been explored is that
the methylphenidate affects the action of serotonin in
the brain.
..Reported
methylphenidate abuse side effects include psychosis (abnormal
thinking or hallucinations),difficulty
sleeping, mood swings, mood changes, stomach aches, diarrhea,
headaches, lack of hunger (leading
to weight loss) and dry
mouth. less common side effects are heart palipations
and high blood pressure.
Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ) is an antipsychotic drug of low-potency
used to treat schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ) is used in the treatment
of disorganized and psychotic thinking. Also used to help treat false perceptions
(e.g. hallucinations or delusions.) Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ) is ... sometimes
to treat psychotic children. It may be used to treat sever hiccups
..Thorazine
is one of the most widely known phenothiazine neuroleptics
that has ever
been used. Drugs of this type are used to control psychosis
and are commonly used in mental institutions for patients
who do not have a comfortable grasp on reality. Side
effects include convulsions, increased sweating, tardive
dyskinesia, and changes to pigmentation. Chlorpromazine
formerly was the drug of choice to treat LSD (and
other psychedelic/hallucinogen) intoxication in
a hospital setting, resulting in it gaining an erroneous
reputation as the LSD antidote. Now risperidone is more
commonly used in such situations.
..Thorazine
has been called a "chemical lobotomy" because
of the similar effects it creates. Briefly, a lobotomy
destroys partially or completely all functioning of the
frontal lobes. The frontal lobes are unique to human
beings and are the seat of the higher functions such
as love, concern for others, empathy, self-insight, creativity,
initiative, autonomy, rationality, abstract reasoning,
judgment, future planning, foresight, will-power, determination
and concentration. Without the frontal lobes it is impossible
to be "human" in the fullest sense of the word;
they are required for a civilized, effective, mature
life. Without this "human" aspect a person
is incapable of living a rewarding, happy and responsible
life.
..Originally
sold in the 1950s and 1960s, under the trade names Largactil
and Thorazine,
chlorpromazine was the first drug to come into use as
an antipsychotic, and was the prototype for the phenothiazine
class, which later grew to comprise several other agents.
It is often administered in acute settings as a syrup,
which has a faster onset of action than tablets. Parenteral
administration is not generally recommended. Thorazine
use can mask symptoms of brain tumor, intestinal blockage,
and a neurological condition called
Reye’s syndrome. One of the most widely known phenothiazine
neuroleptics, Thorazine has caused adverse effects when discontinuing
Thorazine use.
SPINAL-TAP/PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAM/X-RAYS (searching
for a BRAIN LEISION)
..Cerebrospinal
fluid(CSF) is
a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid
space and the ventricular system around and inside
the brain. Essentially, the brain "floats" in
it.
More specifically the CSF occupies the space between the
arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the brain
cover, meninges) and the pia mater (the
layer of the meninges closest to the brain). Moreover it constitutes the content of all
intra-cerebral (inside the brain, cerebrum) ventricles,
cisterns and sulci (singular sulcus), as well as the central
canal of the spinal cord. CSF protects
the brain and spinal cord from injury by acting like
a
liquid cushion. CSF is usually obtained through a
lumbar puncture(spinal tap).
During the procedure, a needle is inserted usually
between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae and the
CSF fluid is collected for testing.
..Cerebrospinal
fluid can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of
neurological diseases. It is usually obtained by a procedure
called lumbar puncture in an attempt to count the cells
in the fluid and to detect the levels of protein and
glucose. These parameters alone may be extremely beneficial
in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and central
nervous system infections (such
as meningitis). Moreover, a cerebrospinal fluid
culture examination may yield the microorganism that
has caused the infection. By using more sophisticated
methods, such as the detection of the oligoclonal bands,
an ongoing inflammatory condition (for
example, multiple sclerosis) can be recognized.
Causes of increased intracranial pressure can be classified
by the mechanism in which ICP is increased:
..MASS
EFFECT such as brain
tumor, infarction with edema, contusions,
subdural or epidural hematoma, or abscess all
tend to deform the adjacent brain. Generalized Brain Swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia
states, acute liver failure, hypertensive encephalopathy,
pseudotumor cerebri, hypercarbia, and Reye hepatocerebral
syndrome. These conditions tend to decrease the cerebral
perfusion pressure but with minimal tissue shifts.
..PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAM:
(sometimes abbreviated PEG)is
a medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid
is drained to a small
amount from around the brain and replaced with air,
oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain
to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture. It is
derived from ventriculography, an earlier and more
primitive one where the air is injected through holes
drilled in the
skull. The procedure was introduced in 1919 by the American neurosurgeon
Walter Dandy.
..Pneumoencephalography
was performed extensively throughout the late 20th century,
but it was extremely painful and,
as researchers would later discover, very dangerous. The
test was generally not well tolerated by patients. Headaches
and severe vomiting were common side effects. Replacement
of the spinal fluid was by natural generation and therefore
recovery required as long as 2-3 months before full movement
was restored. Modern imaging techniques such as MRI and
Computed tomography have largely replaced Pneumoencephalography. By
the late 1980s the procedure was largely abandoned by the
medical community, having been supplanted by the
CT scan and metrizamide cisternography. Today, pneumoencephalography
is limited to the research field and is used under rare
circumstances.
Emotional and Behavioral problems...
..Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI), traumatic
injuries to the brain, also called intracranial injury,
or simply head
injury, occurs when physical trauma causes brain
damage. TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating
head injury and is one of two subsets of acquired
brain injury (ABI).TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe,
depending
on the extent of the damage to the brain.
TBI can cause a host
of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social
effects.
Outcome can be anything from complete recovery
to permanent disability or death.
..TBI
may cause emotional or behavioral problems that fit under
the broad
category of psychiatric health, including
personality changes. Psychiatric problems that may
persist for one half year to two years after the injury
may include
irritability, suicidal
ideation, insomnia, and loss
of the ability to experience pleasure from previously
enjoyable
experiences. Other problems include apathy, anxiety,
anger, paranoia, confusion, frustration, agitation,
and mood swings. About one quarter of people with TBI
suffer
from clinical depression, and about 9% suffer
mania. Different
behavioral problems are characteristic of the location
of injury; for instance, frontal
lobe injuries often
result in disinhibition and inappropriate or childish
behavior, and temporal
lobe injuries often cause irritability and aggression. (Writer's
Note):THIS is EXACTLY what the Doctors
were looking into as THE CAUSE of Regan's abnormal and
anti-social behavior)
..The results
of traumatic brain injury vary widely in type and duration.
A head injured patient may experience physical
effects of the trauma such as headaches, movement disorders (e.g. Parkinsonism), seizures, difficulty walking, sexual
dysfunction, lethargy, or coma. Cognitive symptoms include
changes in judgment or ability to reason or plan, memory
problems, and loss of mathematical ability. Emotional problems
include mood swings, poor impulse control, agitation, low
frustration threshold, self-centeredness, clinical depression,
and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and
delusions.
..Problem
behaviors may include violence, impulsivity, acting
out,
noncompliance,
social inappropriateness, emotional
outbursts, impaired self-control, impaired
self-awareness, inability to take responsibility or accept criticism, egocentrism,
inappropriate sexual activity, and alcohol or drug abuse
or addiction. Some patients' personality problems may be
so severe that they are diagnosed with organic personality
disorder, a psychiatric condition characterized by many
of these problems. Sometimes TBI patients suffer from developmental
stagnation, meaning that they fail to mature emotionally,
socially, or psychologically after the trauma. This is
a serious problem for children and young adults who suffer
from a TBI, because attitudes and behaviors that are appropriate
for a child or teenager become inappropriate in adulthood.
TBI patients who show psychiatric or behavioral problems
may be helped with medication and psychotherapy, although
the effectiveness of psychotherapy may be limited
by the residual neurocognitive impairment.
..The Gamma Knife Unit:
The Gamma Knife contains up to 201 cobalt-60 sources
of approximately 30 curies each, placed in a circular
array in a heavily shielded unit. The unit directs gamma
radiation to a target point. Such target points selected
in the brain can be placed at the center of the radiation
focus, allowing a tumoricidal radiation dosage to be
delivered in one treatment session. Gamma
Knife surgery represents one of the most advanced means
available to manage brain tumors; arteriovenous malformations
and pain or movement disorders. The procedure is unique
because, with the Gamma Knife, no surgical incision is
performed to expose the target. The Gamma Knife
can destroy deep-seated blood vessel malformations in
the head and
brain tumors once
considered inoperable. It can also
eliminate pain conditions and certain movement disorders,
as well as silence malfunctioning areas of the brain
precisely, to stop seizures or ease disabling pain problems
that have not responded to other management strategies.
..Today, Gamma
knife radiosurgery is used to treat
numerous neurosurgical problems, including brain
tumors such
as metastatic
cancer,
some primary
glial tumors,
and also in the management
of vascular malformations, acoustic
neuromas, other skull base
tumors. It is also utilized for chronic
pain conditions
including trigeminal
neuralgia, movement
disorders and epilepsy. Gamma
knife radiosurgery is used as primary management in some
patients,
or in other cases after
prior partial removal of symptomatic tumors through
innovative approaches
including endoscopic skull base surgery.
Long term outcome studies have defined the role of radiosurgery,
and led
to its incorporation in many major medical centers.
..The Center
for Image-Guided Neurosurgery at the University
of Pittsburgh Medical Center installed
the first North American Gamma Knife in 1987 and subsequently
introduced
and pioneered each succeeding generation of technological
improvement. Staffed by a highly skilled and productive
team, we seek to provide rapid screening, scheduling, and
completion of Gamma Knife radiosurgical procedures. Approximately
10% of all brain surgery performed in the United States
is done with some radiosurgical
technique.
The Gamma Knife represents a state-of-the-art technology
which is able to provide the highest level of 3-D volume
shaping for a single procedure treatment using precise
guiding technologies. Patients
are treated on an outpatient basis. Complication risks
are low and tumor control rates range from 93 to 99% as
evaluated by long-term outcome
studies at the University of Pittsburgh.
Director:
WilliamFriedkin Producer: William
Peter Blatty Exec
Producer: Noel Marshalll Screenplay by: William
Peter Blatty Based on his novel
ELLEN BURSTON MAX VON SYDOW LEE J.COBB KITTY WINN
JACK MACGOWEN JASON MILLER as Father Karas LINDA BLAIR as Regan
.
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